Materials and methods:

A multidisciplinary team composed of sports scientists, sleep specialists, coaches, and medical staff collaborated to assess and improve sleep hygiene, circadian rhythm alignment, and recovery protocols. The intervention was structured according to the “5P Method”, a comprehensive approach to optimizing high-quality and adequate-quantity sleep, based on five integrated pillars:

• Active Elements:
  (i) Sleep knowledge: structured sleep education delivered to athletes and technical staff to increase awareness and behavioral engagement;
  (ii) Objective data & demographic profiling: monitoring through wearable technologies (actigraphy, HRV), sleep latency tracking, and apnea screening;
  (iii) Subjective data & psychographic profiling: analysis of routines, digital behavior, anxiety levels, and individual perception of rest.

• Passive Elements:
  (iv) Sleep system: assessment and personalization of sleep ergonomics, including mattress and pillow testing based on individual morphology and sleep patterns;
  (v) Sleep environment: optimization of external conditions—light exposure, noise levels, room temperature, air quality, and reduction of electromagnetic interference (electrosmog).

Furthermore, the 5P Method was integrated into the athletes’ training and competition planning, including:

• Sleep periodization aligned with physical and tactical workloads

• Personalized strategies for pre- and post-match recovery

• Management of jet lag and travel-related sleep disruption

• Routine screening and monitoring protocols

• Structured power nap strategies during training camps and competitions

These multidimensional interventions were customized to the athlete’s profile and performance context, continuously monitored and refined in cooperation with club staff.